{"id":10034,"date":"2023-05-05T06:05:55","date_gmt":"2023-05-04T20:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/?p=10034"},"modified":"2023-05-05T07:22:50","modified_gmt":"2023-05-04T21:22:50","slug":"is-vancomycin-an-aminoglycoside","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/en-gb\/vancomycin\/articles\/is-vancomycin-an-aminoglycoside","title":{"rendered":"Is Vancomycin an Aminoglycoside? Understanding Antibiotic Classification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>If you took a double take at this title, you know that vancomycin is not classified as an aminoglycoside. Instead, vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat Gram-positive infections, while aminoglycosides are usually used to treat Gram-negative infections.<sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp; Vancomycin is the most frequently used antibiotic in the hospital.<sup>2<\/sup> Understanding antibiotic classification is important to ensure selection of the right antibiotic that will improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of side effects and antibiotic resistance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2019, almost 5 million deaths were associated with antimicrobial resistance.<sup>3<\/sup> Global data on antimicrobial resistance from the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 report found high levels of resistance in several pathogenic bacteria to the antibiotics used to treat bloodstream and other common infections.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A thorough understanding of antibiotic classification is one of the best weapons we have in the fight against infectious diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat Gram-positive infections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antibiotic classification helps choose the right antibiotic while avoiding adverse effects and antibiotic resistance. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antibiotic resistance results in worse patient outcomes and increased costs. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bayesian dosing software such as DoseMeRx accomplishes one of the main goals of dosing antibiotics like vancomycin, which is to achieve a therapeutic dose as quickly and safely as possible .<br><br><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/89927802-d866-47a5-af71-7e1cb9b2677a\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are Antibiotics?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents used to treat bacterial infections and diseases. They work by destroying or inhibiting bacterial growth.<sup>4<\/sup> Antibiotics are antibacterial agents and only work against bacteria; they do not treat infections caused by other pathogens such as viruses, fungi, or parasites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic side effects may differ depending on the type of antibiotic used. Common side effects of many antibiotics include:<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rashes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yeast infections<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>More serious possible side effects include <em>Clostridium difficile<\/em> infection, severe allergic reactions, and antibiotic-resistant infections.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding antibiotic classification can help clinicians choose the right therapeutic drug for the infection and avoid or reduce the incidence of side effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Antibiotic Classification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics are grouped into classes based on their effect on bacteria in vitro (outside of a living organism). The two main classes of antibiotics are bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics. In general, bacteriostatic antibiotics stop or slow bacterial growth, and bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria.<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics are grouped as bacteriostatic or bactericidal based on their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent required to inhibit bacterial growth in vitro. The MBC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent required to kill a particular bacterium in vitro. An antibiotic is considered bacteriostatic if its MBC to MIC ratio is greater than 4. If its MBC to MIC ratio is less than or equal to 4, it is considered bacteriocidal.<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics can be further grouped based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, and target bacteria.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Bacteriostatic Antibiotics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics that prevent the growth of bacteria by inhibiting cellular activity without directly causing cell death are bacteriostatic antibiotics.<sup>6<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To be clinically effective, bacteriostatic antibiotics usually work best in patients with a functioning immune system. The patient\u2019s immune system must be capable of fully clearing the infection after a bacteriostatic antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics classified as bacteriostatic include:<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tetracyclines \u2014 such as doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline, and tetracycline&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glycylcyclines \u2014 such as tigecycline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lincosamides \u2014 such as clindamycin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Macrolides \u2014 such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, fidaxomicin, and telithromycin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oxazolidinones \u2014 such as linezolid and tedizolid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sulfonamides \u2014 such as sulfamethoxazole<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tetracyclines<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, stopping the cell from further growing or replicating. Tetracyclines are administered orally and are widely distributed into body tissues and fluids, making them useful in treating a variety of infections caused by Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. Common side effects of tetracyclines include photosensitivity and gastrointestinal (GI) distress.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Glycylcyclines<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Glycylcyclines are derived from tetracyclines and have the same mechanism of action. However, they may still be active against tetracycline-resistant organisms, allowing them to be used for complicated skin infections and intra-abdominal infections as well as community-acquired pneumonia. Adverse events are similar to tetracyclines.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lincosamides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly to tetracyclines, lincosamide antibiotics stop bacterial cell growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. However, lincosamides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit instead of the 30S ribosomal subunit.<sup>9<\/sup> At high concentrations, lincosamides can exhibit bactericidal activity. Licosamides are administered orally and have a large volume of distribution. They have activity against Gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and some protozoa. However, they have little activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Common adverse events include GI distress and <em>Clostridium difficile <\/em>infection.<sup>10<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Macrolides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Macrolides also inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. At high doses, macrolides can exhibit bactericidal activity. Macrolides have activity against many Gram-positive bacteria and some atypicals. They are commonly administered orally with good bioavailability but can also be administered by IV. Common side effects include GI distress, diarrhea, and QT prolongation.<sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Oxazolidinones<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Oxazolidinones inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Many drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria maintain susceptibility to this class. This class can be administered orally with almost 100% bioavailability and a large volume of distribution. Possible adverse events include bone marrow suppression and diarrhea.<sup>12<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sulfonamides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial cell growth by blocking bacteria&#8217;s ability to use folic acid.<sup>13<\/sup> Sulfamethoxazole is commonly combined with trimethoprim, which blocks folic acid in a bactericidal manner. Although sulfonamides have a broad spectrum of activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, there is widespread antimicrobial resistance in the community setting.<sup>6<\/sup> Common side effects include GI distress, photosensitivity, and dizziness. There is also a possibility of serious skin rashes, such as those due to Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.<sup>13<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Bactericidal Antibiotics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria. There are several antibiotic classes with various mechanisms of action that have bactericidal activity.<sup>5<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics classified as bactericidal include:<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Beta-lactams \u2014 including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fluoroquinolones \u2014 such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyclic lipopeptides \u2014 such as daptomycin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nitroimidazoles \u2014 such as metronidazole and tinidazole<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aminoglycosides \u2014 such as tobramycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and amikacin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glycopeptides \u2014 such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bactericidal antibiotics can be further grouped by their pharmacokinetics. Bactericidal activity can be concentration-dependent or time-dependent. Concentration-dependent antibiotics have increased efficacy as their concentration increases. Time-dependent antibiotics depend on the duration of the effective concentration to determine their bactericidal activity.<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concentration-dependent antibiotic classes include:<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fluoroquinolones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyclic lipopeptides<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nitroimidazoles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aminoglycosides<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Time-dependent antibiotic classes include:<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Beta-lactams<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glycopeptides<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><br><strong>Beta-Lactams<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Beta-lactams (\u03b2-lactams) inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. This process is conserved in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, giving beta-lactams a broad spectrum of activity. However, bacteria have many mechanisms of resistance, necessitating the addition of beta-lactam inhibitors in some cases. Beta-lactams are generally well tolerated but can cause diarrhea and allergic reactions.<sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fluoroquinolones<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes that help to control DNA structure and facilitate replication. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics with high oral bioavailability and a large volume of distribution that can be used to treat many different types of infections. The spectrum of activity differs between drugs in this class but includes Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are prone to overuse, and many bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic. They can cause several side effects, such as GI distress, <em>Clostridium difficile <\/em>infection, QT prolongation, and tendonitis.<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cyclic Lipopeptides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Cyclic lipopeptides work by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane. These antibiotics bind to the bacterial membrane and cause depolarization, leading to a loss of membrane potential and eventual cell death. Cyclic lipopeptides have activity against only Gram-positive organisms but maintain effectiveness against methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant <em>Enterococcus<\/em> (VRE). Possible side effects include constipation, headache, insomnia, and myopathy.<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nitroimidazoles<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Nitroimidazoles kill anaerobic bacteria and some parasites and protozoa by disrupting DNA and inhibiting protein synthesis. They can be administered orally or intravenously. Common side effects include GI upset, constipation, and a bitter taste in the mouth.<sup>17<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Aminoglycosides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing the inhibition of protein synthesis.<sup>18<\/sup> Their spectrum of activity includes aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, some Gram-positive bacteria, and mycobacteria but is enhanced when combined with other antibiotic classes, such as beta-lactams. Side effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.<sup>19<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-doseme-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Glycopeptides<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria.<sup>20<\/sup> Possible side effects include flushing, hypotension, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Is Vancomycin an Aminoglycoside?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vancomycin is classified as a glycopeptide antibiotic, not an aminoglycoside. It has a different mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and clinical use than aminoglycoside antibiotics.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Mechanism of Action<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vancomycin works by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. It binds to D-alanyl-D-alanine and blocks the synthesis and polymerization of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. This weakens the bacterial cell wall, causing the intracellular contents to spill out, thus killing the cell.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to vancomycin due to their outer membrane, which blocks access to the cell wall.<sup>20<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Administration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vancomycin is FDA-approved to be administered intravenously or orally in pediatric and adult populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dosage and frequency of intravenous vancomycin administration are based on individual patient factors and pharmacokinetics.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oral administration is typically 125 mg &#8211; 250 mg four times daily for 7 to 10 days.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Side Effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Common side effects of vancomycin include:<sup>20<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stomach pain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Back pain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Headache<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flushing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypotension<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Serious side effects can also occur, including:<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acute kidney injury (AKI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temporary or permanent hearing loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thrombocytopenia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vasculitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stevens-Johnson syndrome<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Contraindications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vancomycin should not be used in patients with a history of allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to the medication or any of its ingredients.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Special considerations should also be given to the following patients:<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elderly patients<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients with renal impairment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients taking other nephrotoxic agents<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Patients receiving vancomycin therapy require drug monitoring to ensure efficacy and avoid adverse events such as nephrotoxicity and the development of antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recommendations for intravenous vancomycin monitoring have shifted over the years from peak and trough serum concentrations to just serum trough concentrations to the current recommendation based on the area under the curve (AUC).<sup>22<\/sup> &nbsp;It is now recommended healthcare providers <a href=\"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/vancomycin\/auc-conversion-toolkit\">shift to AUC-based dosing for vancomycin utilizing Bayesian software<\/a> programs such as DoseMeRx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Renal function and serum creatinine should also be monitored during vancomycin therapy. Close monitoring may be required for patients with risk factors for vancomycin-associated AKI such as:<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Older age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chronic kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diabetes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Obesity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Immunosuppression<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10036\" srcset=\"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image.png 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aminoglycosides vs. Glycopeptides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While aminoglycosides and glycopeptides are both bactericidal antibiotics, they have different mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Mechanism of Action<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The mechanism of action of aminoglycosides and glycopeptides influences their spectrum of activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Aminoglycoside Mechanism of Action<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing the misreading of transfer RNA. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are most effective against Gram-negative bacteria because of the thinner peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls compared to Gram-positive bacteria. This allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the cell wall more easily and reach their target. Additionally, Gram-negative bacteria have a higher concentration of negatively charged molecules in their outer membrane, which attracts the positively charged aminoglycoside molecules and facilitates their entry into the cell.<sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aminoglycosides&#8217; broad spectrum of activity includes:<sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Enterobacteriaceae species, <\/em>including<em> Escherichia coli <\/em>and<em> Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Mycobacterium <\/em>species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Glycopeptide Mechanism of Action<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis instead of protein synthesis to kill bacteria. They are unable to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, so glycopeptides only have bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria.<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glycopeptides have activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including:<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Enterococcus<\/em> species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Staphylococcus<\/em> species (including methicillin-resistant strains)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Streptococcus<\/em> species (including drug-resistant strains)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Clostridium<\/em> species<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Uses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>FDA-approved uses may differ between each antibiotic in each respective class. Antibiotics from both classes are considered broad-spectrum and may be used for empiric therapy until culture and sensitivity tests can be performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics from either class are not absorbed through oral administration, so intravenous administration is required for systemic treatment. Oral therapy may be appropriate for GI infections.<sup>19,21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In general, aminoglycosides are used to treat infections caused by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, such as:<sup>23<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Endocarditis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sepsis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skin and soft tissue infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abdominal infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuberculosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cystic fibrosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zoonotic infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pelvic inflammatory disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surgical prophylaxis<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Glycopeptides are used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections, such as:<sup>20<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Endocarditis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enterocolitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diarrhea associated with <em>Clostridium difficile<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skin and soft tissue infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sepsis<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Side Effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Although aminoglycosides and glycopeptides have very different mechanisms of action and spectrums of activity, they both have a risk of kidney function deterioration caused by nephrotoxicity and hearing loss caused by ototoxicity.<sup>19,21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other possible side effects of aminoglycoside therapy include:<sup>23<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Neurotoxicity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thrombocytopenia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tinnitus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Headache<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Possible side effects of glycopeptide therapy include:<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypotension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vancomycin flushing syndrome (VFS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skin rash<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Antibiotic Classification and Antibiotic Resistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper antibiotic classification is essential to ensure appropriate treatment and prevent antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria are able to resist the effect of antibiotics. An increasing number of infections have become harder to treat due to antibiotic resistance, creating a global health threat.<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>What Causes Antibiotic Resistance?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a way that allows them to resist the effect of an antibiotic. The bacteria that survive can multiply and pass on these resistance traits. Although this is a normal and expected process, overuse and misuse of antibiotics can speed up the process.<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Effects of Antibiotic Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic resistance is associated with worse patient outcomes, such as longer recovery times, excess morbidity and mortality, and increased costs.<sup>24,25<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that antimicrobial resistance costs the United States up to $55 billion every year in healthcare and loss of productivity.<sup>26<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Preventing Antibiotic Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic resistance is a global health threat requiring action from individuals in the community, healthcare professionals, and policymakers to prevent or mitigate the problem.<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Individuals can prevent antibiotic resistance in the following ways:<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Follow health worker\u2019s advice on taking antibiotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Don\u2019t share or use leftover antibiotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stay up to date with vaccinations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevent infections by using proper hygiene and avoiding close contact with sick individuals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Practice safe sex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare and store food hygienically<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Healthcare professionals can prevent antibiotic resistance by:<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Educating patients about the proper use of antibiotics and how to prevent infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prescribing antibiotics only when necessary and according to appropriate guidelines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Practicing proper hygiene<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reporting antibiotic-resistant infections to antibiotic stewardship teams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Policymakers can prevent antibiotic resistance by doing the following:<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Creating a national plan to tackle antibiotic resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improving surveillance and research on antibiotic resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulating and ensuring appropriate use and disposal of medicines<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Did you know?<a><\/a> <em>One of the first antibiotics to ever be discovered was penicillin. Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician and microbiologist, discovered it by accident in 1928. He was inspecting Staphylococcus culture plates when he noticed one of them had a spot with some mold growing on it. The area surrounding the mold was clear, implying that it had inhibited bacterial growth.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Ensure Accurate Antibiotic Dosing Through Proper Classification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotic classification helps healthcare providers select the most appropriate antibiotic for treating bacterial infections. Different classes of antibiotics have different mechanisms of action, spectrums of activity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Understanding these differences can help clinicians choose the most effective antibiotic to treat a particular infection while minimizing the risk of side effects, toxicity, and the development of antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DoseMe provides the tools to simplify your dosing and monitoring efforts to improve efficacy and decrease side effects. Built-in <a href=\"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/why-dosemerx\/product\/analytics\">analytics<\/a> within the DoseMeRx platform can also help you monitor and optimize dosing practices and patient outcomes with real-time data, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Time to therapeutic target<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient risk indicators<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trough vs. AUC outcomes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Average daily dose amounts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Simplify your dosing and drug monitoring processes with user-friendly software. <a href=\"https:\/\/doseme-rx.com\/talk-to-a-human\">Contact DoseMe today<\/a>.<br><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>FAQs on Antibiotic Classification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>What is the difference between antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial resistance?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antimicrobial agents include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. Antimicrobial resistance is when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites change in a way that allows them to resist an antimicrobial agent. Antibiotic resistance is a type of antimicrobial resistance where bacteria change in a way that allows them to resist an antibiotic.<sup>24<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>Are antibiotics necessary for treating all bacterial infections?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Antibiotics are not always necessary when treating a bacterial infection. It is important to weigh the potential benefits and harms of antibiotics when treating infections that may clear on their own, such as sinus infections or ear infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also important to note that antibiotics do not treat infections caused by viruses, fungi, or parasites.<sup>27<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a>How do health professionals determine antibiotic dosage?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Healthcare professionals determine the appropriate antibiotic, dosage, and frequency based on the following:<sup>28<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signs and symptoms of bacterial infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient demographics and comorbidities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Local antibiotic resistance patterns<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the appropriate antibiotic<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>DoseMeRx can help clinicians find the safest and most effective dose for patients requiring intravenous antibiotic 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><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_11_5'>Email<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_5' id='input_11_5' type='email' value='' class='large'   placeholder='Email *' aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"  \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_11_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_11_1'>First Name<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_1' id='input_11_1' type='text' value='' class='large'    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aria-invalid=\"false\"  \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_11_17\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_11_17'>Country<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_17' id='input_11_17' class='large gfield_select'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan<\/option><option value='Albania' >Albania<\/option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria<\/option><option value='American Samoa' >American Samoa<\/option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra<\/option><option value='Angola' >Angola<\/option><option value='Anguilla' >Anguilla<\/option><option value='Antarctica' >Antarctica<\/option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda<\/option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina<\/option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia<\/option><option value='Aruba' >Aruba<\/option><option value='Australia' >Australia<\/option><option value='Austria' >Austria<\/option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan<\/option><option value='Bahamas' >Bahamas<\/option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain<\/option><option value='Bangladesh' >Bangladesh<\/option><option value='Barbados' >Barbados<\/option><option value='Belarus' >Belarus<\/option><option value='Belgium' >Belgium<\/option><option value='Belize' >Belize<\/option><option value='Benin' >Benin<\/option><option value='Bermuda' >Bermuda<\/option><option value='Bhutan' >Bhutan<\/option><option value='Bolivia' >Bolivia<\/option><option value='Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba' >Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba<\/option><option value='Bosnia and Herzegovina' >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/option><option value='Botswana' >Botswana<\/option><option value='Bouvet Island' >Bouvet Island<\/option><option value='Brazil' >Brazil<\/option><option value='British Indian Ocean Territory' >British Indian Ocean Territory<\/option><option value='Brunei Darussalam' >Brunei Darussalam<\/option><option value='Bulgaria' >Bulgaria<\/option><option value='Burkina Faso' >Burkina Faso<\/option><option value='Burundi' >Burundi<\/option><option value='Cabo Verde' >Cabo Verde<\/option><option value='Cambodia' >Cambodia<\/option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon<\/option><option value='Canada' >Canada<\/option><option value='Cayman Islands' >Cayman Islands<\/option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic<\/option><option value='Chad' >Chad<\/option><option value='Chile' >Chile<\/option><option value='China' >China<\/option><option value='Christmas Island' >Christmas Island<\/option><option value='Cocos Islands' >Cocos Islands<\/option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia<\/option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros<\/option><option value='Congo' >Congo<\/option><option value='Congo, Democratic Republic of the' >Congo, Democratic Republic of the<\/option><option value='Cook Islands' >Cook Islands<\/option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica<\/option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia<\/option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba<\/option><option value='Cura\u00e7ao' >Cura\u00e7ao<\/option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus<\/option><option value='Czechia' >Czechia<\/option><option value='C\u00f4te d&#039;Ivoire' >C\u00f4te d&#039;Ivoire<\/option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark<\/option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti<\/option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica<\/option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic<\/option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador<\/option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt<\/option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador<\/option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea<\/option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea<\/option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia<\/option><option value='Eswatini' >Eswatini<\/option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia<\/option><option value='Falkland Islands' >Falkland Islands<\/option><option value='Faroe Islands' >Faroe Islands<\/option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji<\/option><option value='Finland' >Finland<\/option><option value='France' >France<\/option><option value='French Guiana' >French Guiana<\/option><option value='French Polynesia' >French Polynesia<\/option><option value='French Southern Territories' >French Southern Territories<\/option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon<\/option><option value='Gambia' >Gambia<\/option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia<\/option><option value='Germany' >Germany<\/option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana<\/option><option value='Gibraltar' >Gibraltar<\/option><option value='Greece' >Greece<\/option><option value='Greenland' >Greenland<\/option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada<\/option><option value='Guadeloupe' >Guadeloupe<\/option><option value='Guam' >Guam<\/option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala<\/option><option value='Guernsey' >Guernsey<\/option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea<\/option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau<\/option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana<\/option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti<\/option><option value='Heard Island and McDonald Islands' >Heard Island and McDonald Islands<\/option><option value='Holy See' >Holy See<\/option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras<\/option><option value='Hong Kong' >Hong Kong<\/option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary<\/option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland<\/option><option value='India' >India<\/option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia<\/option><option value='Iran' >Iran<\/option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq<\/option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland<\/option><option value='Isle of Man' >Isle of Man<\/option><option value='Israel' >Israel<\/option><option value='Italy' >Italy<\/option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='Japan' >Japan<\/option><option value='Jersey' >Jersey<\/option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan<\/option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya<\/option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of' >Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of<\/option><option value='Korea, Republic of' >Korea, Republic of<\/option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic' >Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic<\/option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia<\/option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia<\/option><option value='Libya' >Libya<\/option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='Macao' >Macao<\/option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar<\/option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi<\/option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia<\/option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives<\/option><option value='Mali' >Mali<\/option><option value='Malta' >Malta<\/option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands<\/option><option value='Martinique' >Martinique<\/option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania<\/option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius<\/option><option value='Mayotte' >Mayotte<\/option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico<\/option><option value='Micronesia' >Micronesia<\/option><option value='Moldova' >Moldova<\/option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco<\/option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia<\/option><option value='Montenegro' >Montenegro<\/option><option value='Montserrat' >Montserrat<\/option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco<\/option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique<\/option><option value='Myanmar' >Myanmar<\/option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia<\/option><option value='Nauru' 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Antibiotics; (updated 2022 Jan 14) Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/antibiotics.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/antibiotics.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calhoun C, Wermuth HR, Hall GA. Antibiotics. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update July 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loree J, Lappin SL. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update August 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shutter MC, Akhondi H. Tetracycline. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update July 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sruthi M.&nbsp; Glycylcyclines: Drug Class, Uses, Side Effects, Drug Names. RxList.(2021, October 22). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_glycylcyclines_work\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_glycylcyclines_work\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Murphy PB, Bistas KG, Le JK. Clindamycin. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update June 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sruthi M. Lincosamide Antibiotics: Drug Class, Uses, Side Effects, Drug Names. RxList. (2021, June 29). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_lincosamide_antibiotics_work\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_lincosamide_antibiotics_work\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patel PH, Hashmi MF. Macrolides. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update February 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foti C, Piperno A, ScalaA, et al. Oxazolidinone antibiotics: Chemical, biological and analytical aspects. Molecules. 2021;26(14):4280. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26144280\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26144280<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jacob D. How Do Sulfonamides Work? RxList. (2022, December 29). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_sulfonamides_work\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_sulfonamides_work\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pandey N, Cascella M. Beta Lactam Antibiotics. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update September 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yan A, Bryant EE. Quinolones. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update January 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patel S, Saw S. Daptomycin. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update December 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Memon N. What Are Names of Nitroimidazoles Drugs? RxList. (2021, October 22). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/what_are_names_of_nitroimidazoles_drugs\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/what_are_names_of_nitroimidazoles_drugs\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Krause KM, Serio AW, Kane TR, et al. Aminoglycosides: An overview. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2016;6(6):a027029. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Block M, Blanchard DL. Aminoglycosides. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update July 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kahn S. How Do Glycopepties Work? RxList. (2021, October 21). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_glycopeptides_work\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_glycopeptides_work\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patel S, Preuss CV, Bernice F. Vancomycin. StatPearls [Internet]. Last update January 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(11):835-864. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajhp\/zxaa036\">10.1093\/ajhp\/zxaa036<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sruthi M. How Do Aminoglycosides Work? RxList. (2021, May 5). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_aminoglycosides_work\/drug-class.htm\">https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/how_do_aminoglycosides_work\/drug-class.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization. (2021, November 17). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de Kraker ME, Davey PG, Grundmann H. Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> and <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Med. 2011;8(10):e1001104. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001104\">10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001104<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dadgostar P. Antimicrobial resistance: Implications and costs. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2019;12:3903-3910. https:\/\/doi.org\/<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2FIDR.S234610\">10.2147\/IDR.S234610<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, October 6). Antibiotic Use Questions and Answers. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/q-a.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/q-a.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slama TG, Amin A, Brunton SA, et al. A clinician&#8217;s guide to the appropriate and accurate use of antibiotics: The Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) criteria. Am J Med. 2005;118 Suppl 7A:1S-6S. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.05.007\">10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.05.007<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you took a double take at this title, you know that vancomycin is not classified as an aminoglycoside. Instead, vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat Gram-positive infections, while aminoglycosides are usually used to treat Gram-negative infections.1&nbsp; Vancomycin is the most frequently used antibiotic in the hospital.2 Understanding antibiotic classification is important to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":10042,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[38,37],"article-type":[49],"class_list":["post-10034","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vancomycin","tag-blog","tag-vancomycin-dosing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is Vancomycin an Aminoglycoside? 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